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Representation of Refugees after 9/11: A Critique of American Neo-Orientalism in Hanif’s Red Birds
Abstract
This paper analyzes Red Birds as a representation of refugees in the context of post-9/11. Western discourse after the disaster of September 11, 2001, has created new stereotypes against the refugees. Employing Said’s and Behdad’s theoretical model, it investigates to reach the Neo-orientalist perspective. Said is of the view that western literature in stereotypical representation creates a prejudice against ‘oriental’ other especially the Muslim world. Behdad argues that Neo-Orientalism is a monolithic ideological discourse based on the renewed binaries of orient and occident especially America. Neo-Orientalism has recently emerged as the continuation of classical orientalism operating in the post-9/11 context. Pakistani English fiction counters American Neo-Orientalism. This paper explores the re-presentation of refugees from a Neo-Orientalist perspective coupled with the creation of discursive stereotypes and political ideology as depicted in Hanif’s Red Birds.
Authors
Mr. Aurangzeb
Associate Lecturer, Department of English Literature, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
Dr. Sohail Ahmd Saeed
Assistant Professor, Department of English Literature, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
